［進行中的工作］知識的多種陳述/狀態：科學與社會秩序的共同生產

States of Knowledge: The co-production of science and social order
《知識的多種陳述/狀態：科學與社會秩序的共同生產》
Edit by Sheila Jasanoff  (2004)

以下列各篇名，查詢Google引用次數，查詢時間為2017年1月11日。

1. The Idiom of Co-production Sheila Jasanoff (535次)

2. Ordering Knowledge, Ordering Society Sheila Jasanoff (6次)       

3. Climate Science and the Making of a Global Political Order Clark A. Miller (178次)

4. Co-producing CITES and the African Elephant Charis Thompson (26次)

5. Knowledge and Political Order in the European Environment Agency Claire Waterton and Brian Wynne (36次)

6. Plants, Power and Development: Founding the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies, 1880-1914 William K. Storey (9次)

7. Mapping Systems and Moral Order: Constituting property in genome laboratories Stephen Hilgartner (18次)

8. Patients and Scientists in French Muscular Dystrophy Research Vololona Rabeharisoa and Michel Callon (102次)

9. Circumscribing Expertise: Membership categories in courtroom testimony Michael Lynch (26次)

10. The Science of Merit and the Merit of Science: Mental order and social order in early twentieth-century France and America John Carson (15次)

11. Mysteries of State, Mysteries of Nature: Authority, knowledge and expertise in the seventeenth century Peter Dear (15次)

12. Reconstructing Sociotechnical Order: Vannevar Bush and US science policy Michael Aaron Dennis (20次)

13. Science and the Political Imagination in Contemporary Democracies Yaron Ezrah (43次)

14. Afterword Sheila Jasanoff References Index

根據上述的查詢結果，應該要精讀的，主要是第一章。第八章也可以考慮多讀一下。第二章應該快速讀過，其他準此。

第一章　The idiom of co-production

¶4共同生產的概念，我們所認識與再現世界的方式，與我們選擇居住其中的方式不可分離。知識及其物質具體化，既是社會勞力的產物，亦有社會生活形式構成；社會無法脫離知識運作；而知識亦無法不依賴適宜的社會支持。個殊地來說，科學知識並非超越現實的鏡子。科學知識嵌入社會實作，又被社會實作嵌入，認同、規範、傳統、論述、器物與制度亦復如是。簡言之，科學知識交互嵌入在我們名之為「社會的」的建築磚瓦裡。上述說法套用在技術上，更是如此。(P2-3)

Briefly stated, co-production is shorthand for the proposition that the ways in which we know and represent the world (both nature and society) are inseparable from the ways in which we choose to live in it. Knowledge and its material embodiments are at once products of social work and constitutive of forms of social life; society cannot function without knowledge any more than [上為頁2內容]knowledge can exist without appropriate social supports. Scientific knowledge, in particular, is not a transcendent mirror of reality. It both embeds and is embedded in social practices, identities, norms, conventions, discourses, instruments and institutions – in short, in all the building blocks of what we term the social. The same can be said even more forcefully of technology. [上為頁3內容]。

¶5共同生產避免近來的自然決定論與社會決定論，它持平看待兩者。共同生產是個慣用語(idiom)。因為它不應該被擴張解釋為成熟的理論(theory)，宣稱如同律法一般的融貫性與預測能力。共同生產作為慣用語，意味者一種詮釋與說明複雜現象的方式，以避免如同社會科學裡其他取徑有意為之的刪除與省略。(P3)

¶6本書的書名稱為States of Knowledge。本書多位作者的主要目標是探索知識創造是如何具體化身為製作陳述(state-making)的多樣實作，或者更廣義地說，治理的多樣實作，以及反過來說，治理的多樣實作如何影響知識的創造與使用。我們可以說，諸多陳述來自知識，正如同知識是由許多陳述構成。本書標題也在其他附加層次上，彈奏了共同生產的曲目。就拿知識來說，可以視為特定存有狀態的結晶化，這些存有狀態像是組織的、物質的或者身體化的，這些狀態[陳述]自身就成為研究對象。(P3)
States of Knowledge, a significant aim of several of the contributors is to explore how knowledge-making is incorporated into practices of state-making, or of governance more boardly, and, in reverse, how practices of governance influence the making and use of knowledge. States, we may say, are made of knowledge, just as knowledge is constituted by states. But the title also plays on the theme of co-production at additional levels. Knowledge, in particular, is seen as crystallizing in certain ontological states – organizational, material, embodied – that become objects of study in their own right.(P3)

¶7-9共同生產，這個慣用語在整個社會科學，及其次領域，還有歷史學科、政治理論與倫理思辦之間，打開了貫通的橋梁。(P3-4)

¶11共同生產與STS相關研究重疊的四個主題：(A)新興現象與物體的浮現與穩固化；(B)爭議的形塑與消解；(C)跨時空與制度脈絡的科技產物的辨識力與便攜性；(D)賦予脈絡中的科技文化實作之正當性與意義。(P5-6)參考文獻值得檢索一下。

Daston 2000

Dear 1995

Pickering 1995

Latour 1993; 1988a

Richards and Martin 1995

Shapin and Schaffer 1985

Collins 1985

Bowker and Star 1999

Jasanoff 1995

Shapin 1994

Porter 1992

Latour 1987

Kuhn 1962

Knorr-Cetina 1999

Rabinow 1996

Traweek 1988